Each colour starts at the value shown. Wind colours match across all three units. Dry cells stay neutral. Colours describe the displayed values, not official weather warnings.
ECMWF · Model run: Next update expected:
Day Time (UTC) Temp. (°C) Humidity (%) Wind (km/h) Wind (knots) Wind (Bft) Direction Precip. (mm) Snow (cm) Pressure (hPa) Freezing (m) Conditions | Thursday, 05/11 12:00 5.5 71 5 3 1B S — — 1028 2305 Overcast 99% cloud 15:00 5.3 72 4 2 1B S 0 0 1027 2317 Overcast 80% cloud 18:00 2.6 79 1 0 0B S 0 0 1027 < 1955 Overcast 83% cloud 21:00 0.6 79 1 1 1B NW 0 0 1026 < 1955 Overcast 99% cloud Friday, 06/11 00:00 1.3 78 0 0 0B — 0.03 0 1025 < 1955 Overcast 97% cloud 03:00 2.6 77 0 0 0B W 0.41 0 1024 < 1955 Overcast 99% cloud 06:00 3 79 0 0 0B NW 1.1 0 1023 < 1955 Overcast 99% cloud 09:00 4.5 78 1 1 1B SE 1.2 0 1024 2124 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 4.8 77 2 1 1B SE 0.73 0 1023 2156 Overcast 100% cloud 15:00 4.5 78 2 1 1B SE 0.23 0 1022 2103 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 4 81 0 0 0B SW 0.24 0 1022 2003 Overcast 100% cloud 21:00 3.6 82 0 0 0B SW 0.24 0 1022 < 1955 Overcast 97% cloud Saturday, 07/11 00:00 3.4 81 1 1 1B W 0.17 0 1023 < 1955 Overcast 89% cloud 03:00 2.6 81 1 1 1B NW 0.05 0 1022 < 1955 Overcast 93% cloud 06:00 3 79 2 1 1B NW 0.02 0 1023 < 1955 Cloudy 70% cloud 09:00 4.2 75 1 0 0B SE 0 0 1024 2036 Cloudy 72% cloud 12:00 4.9 71 4 2 1B S 0.12 0 1024 2133 Overcast 100% cloud 15:00 4 77 4 2 1B S 0.06 0 1025 1998 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 2.7 81 2 1 1B S 0 0 1026 < 1955 Overcast 100% cloud 21:00 2.6 78 1 0 0B SW 0 0 1027 < 1955 Overcast 97% cloud Sunday, 08/11 00:00 0.1 79 1 1 1B NW 0.04 0 1027 < 1955 Overcast 92% cloud 03:00 -2 72 3 1 1B NW 0 0 1027 < 1955 Cloudy 70% cloud 06:00 -2.8 70 3 2 1B NW 0 0 1026 < 1955 Cloudy 69% cloud 09:00 2.7 62 1 1 0B W 0 0 1027 < 1955 Partly cloudy 32% cloud 12:00 5.7 53 4 2 1B S 0 0 1026 2286 Partly cloudy 30% cloud 15:00 4.4 59 2 1 1B SE 0 0 1025 2107 Partly cloudy 23% cloud 18:00 0.3 70 0 0 0B NW 0 0 1026 < 1955 Cloudy 51% cloud 21:00 -0.4 70 1 1 0B NW 0 0 1026 < 1955 Overcast 82% cloud Monday, 09/11 00:00 -0.6 72 1 1 0B NW 0.02 0 1026 < 1955 Overcast 98% cloud 03:00 0.3 67 1 1 0B N 0 0 1026 < 1955 Overcast 86% cloud 06:00 -0.2 68 1 1 0B NW 0 0 1026 < 1955 Cloudy 70% cloud 09:00 3.4 63 2 1 1B S 0.02 0 1026 < 1955 Overcast 84% cloud 12:00 5.2 63 5 3 1B S 0.04 0 1024 2409 Overcast 88% cloud 15:00 4.3 71 4 2 1B S 0 0 1023 2212 Overcast 86% cloud 18:00 2 79 1 1 1B S 0 0 1023 < 1955 Overcast 97% cloud 21:00 2.1 80 1 0 0B S 0.11 0 1024 < 1955 Overcast 99% cloud Tuesday, 10/11 00:00 2.5 78 1 1 1B N 0.90 0 1022 < 1955 Overcast 99% cloud 03:00 2.5 78 1 1 1B N 0.48 0 1020 < 1955 Overcast 99% cloud 06:00 3.2 79 1 1 1B N 0.74 0 1019 < 1955 Overcast 100% cloud 09:00 5 80 0 0 0B NE 1.7 0 1019 2481 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 6.5 75 2 1 1B SE 0.91 0 1017 2809 Overcast 100% cloud 15:00 6.8 73 0 0 0B SE 0.33 0 1016 2924 Overcast 84% cloud 18:00 5 77 2 1 1B NW 0.24 0 1015 2799 Overcast 96% cloud 21:00 4.6 76 1 1 1B NW 0.07 0 1015 2555 Cloudy 53% cloud Wednesday, 11/11 00:00 2.2 78 2 1 1B NW 0.08 0 1015 < 1955 Cloudy 67% cloud 03:00 0.3 78 2 1 1B NW 0 0 1015 < 1955 Cloudy 70% cloud 06:00 0.2 78 2 1 1B NW 0 0 1016 < 1955 Overcast 90% cloud 09:00 5.8 77 2 1 1B S 0 0 1017 3059 Overcast 96% cloud 12:00 7.9 69 4 2 1B S 0 0 1016 3055 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 5.2 82 2 1 1B S 0.09 0 1017 3048 Overcast 100% cloud Thursday, 12/11 00:00 4.7 81 1 1 1B SE 0.18 0 1017 3042 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 4.4 81 2 1 1B SE 0.21 0 1015 2805 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 6.1 81 5 3 1B SE 0.26 0 1013 2540 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 5.1 82 7 4 2B S 6.8 0 1010 2479 Overcast 100% cloud Friday, 13/11 00:00 4.7 82 2 1 1B SW 13.6 0 1009 2285 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 5.4 79 1 1 1B S 2.5 0 1008 2399 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 6.8 82 4 2 1B SE 1.5 0 1009 2527 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 5.9 83 2 1 1B SE 0.75 0 1011 2403 Overcast 100% cloud Saturday, 14/11 00:00 5.9 81 1 0 0B S 2.5 0 1012 2412 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 6.2 80 0 0 0B — 0.29 0 1013 2416 Overcast 97% cloud 12:00 7.6 76 2 1 1B S 0.70 0 1014 2537 Overcast 99% cloud 18:00 5.5 81 0 0 0B — 1.0 0 1015 2321 Overcast 100% cloud Sunday, 15/11 00:00 4 81 2 1 1B NW 0.44 0 1016 2034 Overcast 97% cloud 06:00 3.2 77 3 2 1B NW 0 0 1016 < 1955 Overcast 96% cloud 12:00 7.7 67 2 1 1B S 0.18 0 1015 2462 Cloudy 62% cloud |
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Forecast table times: UTC.
Coordinates: 46.3714619°N, 8.4266082°E · Requested elevation: 1274 m. Model terrain: 1952 m. Terrain and 1000/925/850/700 hPa profiles are used for height estimates.
Outside the available profile, temperature uses an estimated 5.5°C/km height correction; wind retains the nearest available model-level value. Humidity is estimated with adjusted pressure and temperature.
These are altitude estimates, not a simulation of local mountain terrain. Precipitation, cloud and sea-level pressure use horizontal interpolation only.
Precipitation includes rain and snow water equivalent: preceding 3 hours through day 6, then 6 hours (see cell tooltip). Snow (cm) estimates fresh snowfall from precipitation and temperature using the GFS conversion; it is not snow depth on the ground. Freezing (m) uses additional 600/500 hPa temperatures when available and estimates the lowest resolved 0°C crossing above sea level. When all sampled levels are warm, the upper profile limit is shown (see tooltip). < marks an entirely cold sampled profile and its lower height limit. No extrapolation is used.
Source: ECMWF · CC BY 4.0 · Processed by Snow Report.

Val Formazza is a mapped downhill ski area in IT. Forecasts cover three real lift-station locations from approximately 1274 to 1774 metres. Elevations are terrain-model estimates.
Data: OpenSkiData / OpenSkiMap, OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), Skimap.org, Who's On First, Mapterhorn.
ECMWF · Model run: Next update expected:
Day Time (UTC) Temp. (°C) Humidity (%) Wind (km/h) Wind (knots) Wind (Bft) Direction Precip. (mm) Snow (cm) Pressure (hPa) Freezing (m) Conditions | Thursday, 05/11 12:00 5.1 72 5 3 1B S — — 1028 2303 Overcast 99% cloud 15:00 4.9 73 4 2 1B S 0 0 1027 2316 Overcast 80% cloud 18:00 2.2 80 1 0 0B S 0 0 1027 < 1957 Overcast 83% cloud 21:00 0.2 81 1 1 1B NW 0 0 1026 < 1957 Overcast 99% cloud Friday, 06/11 00:00 0.9 79 0 0 0B — 0.03 0 1025 < 1957 Overcast 97% cloud 03:00 2.1 78 0 0 0B W 0.42 0 1024 < 1957 Overcast 99% cloud 06:00 2.6 80 0 0 0B NW 1.1 0 1023 < 1957 Overcast 99% cloud 09:00 4.1 80 1 1 1B SE 1.2 0 1024 2123 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 4.4 79 2 1 1B SE 0.72 0 1023 2157 Overcast 100% cloud 15:00 4.1 79 2 1 1B SE 0.22 0 1022 2103 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 3.6 83 0 0 0B SW 0.23 0 1022 2002 Overcast 100% cloud 21:00 3.2 83 0 0 0B SW 0.24 0 1022 < 1957 Overcast 97% cloud Saturday, 07/11 00:00 3 82 1 1 1B W 0.17 0 1023 < 1957 Overcast 89% cloud 03:00 2.2 82 1 1 1B NW 0.06 0 1022 < 1957 Overcast 93% cloud 06:00 2.6 81 2 1 1B NW 0.02 0 1023 < 1957 Cloudy 71% cloud 09:00 3.8 76 1 0 0B SE 0 0 1024 2035 Cloudy 73% cloud 12:00 4.5 72 4 2 1B S 0.12 0 1024 2133 Overcast 100% cloud 15:00 3.6 79 4 2 1B S 0.06 0 1025 1999 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 2.3 83 2 1 1B S 0 0 1026 < 1957 Overcast 100% cloud 21:00 2.1 80 1 0 0B SW 0 0 1027 < 1957 Overcast 97% cloud Sunday, 08/11 00:00 -0.4 81 1 1 1B NW 0.04 0 1027 < 1957 Overcast 92% cloud 03:00 -2.4 74 3 1 1B NW 0 0 1027 < 1957 Cloudy 70% cloud 06:00 -3.2 72 3 2 1B NW 0 0 1026 < 1957 Cloudy 68% cloud 09:00 2.3 63 1 1 0B W 0 0 1027 < 1957 Partly cloudy 32% cloud 12:00 5.3 54 4 2 1B S 0 0 1026 2286 Partly cloudy 30% cloud 15:00 4 60 2 1 1B SE 0 0 1025 2106 Partly cloudy 23% cloud 18:00 -0.1 71 0 0 0B NW 0 0 1026 < 1957 Cloudy 51% cloud 21:00 -0.8 72 1 1 0B NW 0 0 1026 < 1957 Overcast 82% cloud Monday, 09/11 00:00 -1 73 1 1 0B NW 0.02 0 1026 < 1957 Overcast 98% cloud 03:00 -0.2 69 1 1 0B N 0 0 1026 < 1957 Overcast 86% cloud 06:00 -0.6 69 1 1 0B NW 0 0 1026 < 1957 Cloudy 70% cloud 09:00 3 64 2 1 1B S 0.02 0 1026 < 1957 Overcast 84% cloud 12:00 4.8 64 5 3 1B S 0.04 0 1024 2410 Overcast 88% cloud 15:00 3.9 72 4 2 1B S 0 0 1023 2213 Overcast 86% cloud 18:00 1.6 81 1 1 1B S 0 0 1023 < 1957 Overcast 97% cloud 21:00 1.7 81 1 0 0B S 0.12 0 1023 < 1957 Overcast 99% cloud Tuesday, 10/11 00:00 2.1 80 1 1 1B N 0.91 0 1022 < 1957 Overcast 99% cloud 03:00 2.1 80 1 1 1B N 0.49 0 1020 < 1957 Overcast 99% cloud 06:00 2.8 80 1 1 1B N 0.75 0 1019 < 1957 Overcast 100% cloud 09:00 4.6 81 0 0 0B NE 1.7 0 1019 2481 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 6 77 2 1 1B SE 0.92 0 1017 2810 Overcast 100% cloud 15:00 6.4 74 0 0 0B SE 0.34 0 1016 2924 Overcast 84% cloud 18:00 4.5 79 2 1 1B NW 0.26 0 1015 2800 Overcast 96% cloud 21:00 4.1 77 1 1 1B NW 0.07 0 1015 2553 Cloudy 53% cloud Wednesday, 11/11 00:00 1.7 80 2 1 1B NW 0.08 0 1015 < 1957 Cloudy 67% cloud 03:00 -0.2 79 2 1 1B NW 0 0 1015 < 1957 Cloudy 70% cloud 06:00 -0.2 79 2 1 1B NW 0 0 1016 < 1957 Overcast 90% cloud 09:00 5.4 78 2 1 1B S 0 0 1017 3059 Overcast 96% cloud 12:00 7.5 70 4 2 1B S 0 0 1016 3055 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 4.7 84 2 1 1B S 0.09 0 1017 3048 Overcast 100% cloud Thursday, 12/11 00:00 4.3 83 1 1 1B SE 0.17 0 1017 3042 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 4 82 2 1 1B SE 0.21 0 1015 2799 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 5.7 82 5 3 1B SE 0.26 0 1013 2540 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 4.7 84 7 4 2B S 6.8 0 1010 2475 Overcast 100% cloud Friday, 13/11 00:00 4.2 84 2 1 1B SW 13.6 0 1009 2283 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 5 81 1 1 1B S 2.4 0 1008 2398 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 6.3 83 4 2 1B SE 1.5 0 1009 2527 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 5.5 85 2 1 1B SE 0.75 0 1011 2402 Overcast 100% cloud Saturday, 14/11 00:00 5.5 83 1 0 0B S 2.5 0 1012 2412 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 5.8 82 0 0 0B — 0.29 0 1013 2415 Overcast 97% cloud 12:00 7.2 77 2 1 1B S 0.69 0 1014 2537 Overcast 99% cloud 18:00 5.1 83 0 0 0B — 0.99 0 1015 2320 Overcast 100% cloud Sunday, 15/11 00:00 3.6 82 2 1 1B NW 0.43 0 1016 2031 Overcast 97% cloud 06:00 2.8 79 3 2 1B NW 0 0 1016 < 1957 Overcast 96% cloud 12:00 7.3 68 2 1 1B S 0.17 0 1015 2463 Cloudy 62% cloud |
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Forecast table times: UTC.
Coordinates: 46.3707712°N, 8.4225352°E · Requested elevation: 1349 m. Model terrain: 1954 m. Terrain and 1000/925/850/700 hPa profiles are used for height estimates.
Outside the available profile, temperature uses an estimated 5.5°C/km height correction; wind retains the nearest available model-level value. Humidity is estimated with adjusted pressure and temperature.
These are altitude estimates, not a simulation of local mountain terrain. Precipitation, cloud and sea-level pressure use horizontal interpolation only.
Precipitation includes rain and snow water equivalent: preceding 3 hours through day 6, then 6 hours (see cell tooltip). Snow (cm) estimates fresh snowfall from precipitation and temperature using the GFS conversion; it is not snow depth on the ground. Freezing (m) uses additional 600/500 hPa temperatures when available and estimates the lowest resolved 0°C crossing above sea level. When all sampled levels are warm, the upper profile limit is shown (see tooltip). < marks an entirely cold sampled profile and its lower height limit. No extrapolation is used.
Source: ECMWF · CC BY 4.0 · Processed by Snow Report.
ECMWF · Model run: Next update expected:
Day Time (UTC) Temp. (°C) Humidity (%) Wind (km/h) Wind (knots) Wind (Bft) Direction Precip. (mm) Snow (cm) Pressure (hPa) Freezing (m) Conditions | Thursday, 05/11 12:00 2.7 81 5 3 1B S — — 1028 2294 Overcast 99% cloud 15:00 2.5 82 4 2 1B S 0 0 1027 2301 Overcast 81% cloud 18:00 -0.2 90 1 0 0B S 0 0 1027 < 1985 Overcast 84% cloud 21:00 -2.1 90 1 1 1B W 0 0 1026 < 1985 Overcast 99% cloud Friday, 06/11 00:00 -1.3 88 0 0 0B — 0.03 0 1025 < 1985 Overcast 97% cloud 03:00 -0.2 87 0 0 0B W 0.44 0.1 1024 < 1985 Overcast 99% cloud 06:00 0.3 89 0 0 0B W 1.1 0.3 1023 < 1985 Overcast 99% cloud 09:00 1.8 89 2 1 1B SE 1.2 0 1024 2124 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 2.1 87 2 1 1B SE 0.70 0 1023 2160 Overcast 100% cloud 15:00 1.8 88 2 1 1B SE 0.22 0 1022 2105 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 1.2 92 0 0 0B S 0.22 0 1022 2001 Overcast 100% cloud 21:00 0.8 93 0 0 0B S 0.25 0 1022 < 1985 Overcast 98% cloud Saturday, 07/11 00:00 0.7 92 1 1 1B W 0.19 0 1023 < 1985 Overcast 90% cloud 03:00 -0.1 91 1 1 1B NW 0.07 0 1022 < 1985 Overcast 93% cloud 06:00 0.3 90 2 1 1B NW 0.02 0 1023 < 1985 Cloudy 72% cloud 09:00 1.5 85 1 0 0B SE 0 0 1024 2037 Cloudy 73% cloud 12:00 2.2 80 4 2 1B S 0.12 0 1024 2138 Overcast 100% cloud 15:00 1.3 88 4 2 1B S 0.06 0 1025 2002 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 -0.1 92 2 1 1B S 0 0 1026 < 1985 Overcast 100% cloud 21:00 -0.3 89 1 1 0B SW 0 0 1027 < 1985 Overcast 96% cloud Sunday, 08/11 00:00 -2.9 90 1 1 1B NW 0.04 0 1027 < 1985 Overcast 91% cloud 03:00 -4.8 82 3 1 1B NW 0 0 1027 < 1985 Cloudy 68% cloud 06:00 -5.7 79 3 1 1B NW 0 0 1026 < 1985 Cloudy 66% cloud 09:00 -0.2 70 1 1 0B W 0 0 1027 < 1985 Partly cloudy 31% cloud 12:00 2.9 60 4 2 1B S 0 0 1026 2278 Partly cloudy 28% cloud 15:00 1.5 67 2 1 1B SE 0 0 1025 2077 Partly cloudy 23% cloud 18:00 -2.6 79 0 0 0B NW 0 0 1026 < 1985 Cloudy 51% cloud 21:00 -3.2 79 1 0 0B NW 0 0 1026 < 1985 Overcast 82% cloud Monday, 09/11 00:00 -3.4 81 1 1 0B NW 0.02 0 1026 < 1985 Overcast 98% cloud 03:00 -2.6 77 1 0 0B N 0 0 1025 < 1985 Overcast 86% cloud 06:00 -3 77 1 0 0B NW 0 0 1025 < 1985 Cloudy 71% cloud 09:00 0.7 72 2 1 1B S 0.02 0 1026 < 1985 Overcast 84% cloud 12:00 2.5 72 5 3 1B S 0.04 0 1024 2398 Overcast 87% cloud 15:00 1.6 80 4 2 1B S 0 0 1023 2180 Overcast 83% cloud 18:00 -0.8 90 2 1 1B S 0 0 1023 < 1985 Overcast 97% cloud 21:00 -0.6 91 1 0 0B S 0.13 0 1023 < 1985 Overcast 99% cloud Tuesday, 10/11 00:00 -0.2 89 1 1 1B N 0.99 0.3 1022 < 1985 Overcast 99% cloud 03:00 -0.1 89 1 1 1B NW 0.56 0.2 1020 < 1985 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 0.6 89 1 1 1B N 0.83 0.2 1018 < 1985 Overcast 100% cloud 09:00 2.4 90 0 0 0B NE 1.8 0 1018 2479 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 3.8 86 2 1 1B SE 0.95 0 1017 2809 Overcast 100% cloud 15:00 4 83 0 0 0B SE 0.39 0 1016 2917 Overcast 85% cloud 18:00 2.3 87 2 1 1B NW 0.31 0 1015 2794 Overcast 96% cloud 21:00 1.9 86 1 1 1B NW 0.09 0 1015 2543 Cloudy 55% cloud Wednesday, 11/11 00:00 -0.6 89 2 1 1B NW 0.08 0 1015 < 1985 Cloudy 70% cloud 03:00 -2.5 89 2 1 1B NW 0 0 1015 < 1985 Cloudy 71% cloud 06:00 -2.6 89 2 1 1B NW 0 0 1016 < 1985 Overcast 91% cloud 09:00 3 87 2 1 1B S 0 0 1017 3059 Overcast 96% cloud 12:00 5.2 78 4 2 1B S 0 0 1016 3055 Overcast 99% cloud 18:00 2.4 93 2 1 1B S 0.08 0 1017 3048 Overcast 100% cloud Thursday, 12/11 00:00 1.9 92 1 1 1B SE 0.15 0 1017 3042 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 1.6 92 2 1 1B SE 0.20 0 1015 2764 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 3.3 92 5 3 1B SE 0.23 0 1013 2536 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 2.4 93 7 4 2B S 6.7 0 1010 2452 Overcast 100% cloud Friday, 13/11 00:00 1.9 93 2 1 1B SW 13.3 0 1009 2266 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 2.6 90 2 1 1B S 2.3 0 1008 2390 Overcast 100% cloud 12:00 4 92 4 2 1B SE 1.4 0 1009 2526 Overcast 100% cloud 18:00 3.1 94 3 1 1B SE 0.72 0 1011 2396 Overcast 100% cloud Saturday, 14/11 00:00 3.1 92 1 0 0B S 2.4 0 1012 2407 Overcast 100% cloud 06:00 3.4 91 0 0 0B — 0.28 0 1013 2410 Overcast 96% cloud 12:00 4.8 85 3 1 1B S 0.62 0 1014 2535 Overcast 99% cloud 18:00 2.7 92 0 0 0B — 0.89 0 1015 2306 Overcast 100% cloud Sunday, 15/11 00:00 1.2 91 2 1 1B NW 0.39 0 1016 1995 Overcast 97% cloud 06:00 0.3 88 3 2 1B NW 0 0 1016 < 1985 Overcast 96% cloud 12:00 4.9 75 2 1 1B S 0.15 0 1015 2461 Cloudy 61% cloud |
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Forecast table times: UTC.
Coordinates: 46.3773872°N, 8.4107823°E · Requested elevation: 1774 m. Model terrain: 1982 m. Terrain and 1000/925/850/700 hPa profiles are used for height estimates.
Outside the available profile, temperature uses an estimated 5.5°C/km height correction; wind retains the nearest available model-level value. Humidity is estimated with adjusted pressure and temperature.
These are altitude estimates, not a simulation of local mountain terrain. Precipitation, cloud and sea-level pressure use horizontal interpolation only.
Precipitation includes rain and snow water equivalent: preceding 3 hours through day 6, then 6 hours (see cell tooltip). Snow (cm) estimates fresh snowfall from precipitation and temperature using the GFS conversion; it is not snow depth on the ground. Freezing (m) uses additional 600/500 hPa temperatures when available and estimates the lowest resolved 0°C crossing above sea level. When all sampled levels are warm, the upper profile limit is shown (see tooltip). < marks an entirely cold sampled profile and its lower height limit. No extrapolation is used.